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In the light-independent reactions (sometimes called the '' reactions, the enzyme (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase) captures CO2 from the atmosphere as a three carbon which is then reduced using newly formed from the light reactions to a three-carbon , which is later combined to form sucrose and starch.
The overall equation for the light-independent reactions in green plants is:
3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H+ → C3H6O3-phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 Pi + 6 NADP+ + 3 H2O
Carbon fixation produces the intermediate three-carbon sugar product, which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products. The simple carbon sugars produced by photosynthesis can then be used to form other organic compounds, such as the building material , the precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis, or as a fuel in cellular .
The fixation or reduction of carbon dioxide is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a five-carbon sugar, , to yield two molecules of a three-carbon compound, glycerate 3-phosphate, also known as 3-phosphoglycerate or .
Glycerate 3-phosphate, in the presence of and NADPH produced during the stages, is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This product is also referred to as 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) or, more generically, as phosphate.
Most (5 out of 6 molecules) of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate produced is used to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate so the process can continue. This happens via a series of reactions that shuffle the carbon backbone through a combination of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 carbon sugars.
The triose that are not recycled in this way often condense to form hexose phosphates, which ultimately yield sucrose, and cellulose. The sugars produced during carbon yield carbon skeletons that can be used for other metabolic reactions like the production of acids and lipids. These are transported to sink organs via the in the vascular system of plants.